Borneo : Journal of Islamic Studies

Integrating Islamic Ethical Principles into Nigeria’s AI Surveillance Policy

Abubakar Muhammad jibril — 2026-10-26

In the era of hyper-digitalization, AI has exponentially expanded the size and scope of state surveillance globally, pushing fundamental ethical questions of privacy, discrimination, and human dignity to the forefront. In Nigeria, the rapid development of digital identity systems and compulsory SIM-to-ID registrations has established a significant real-time surveillance potential, yet AI-specific legal protections remain underdeveloped. Though the Nigerian Constitution and Nigerian Data Protection Act (NDPA) 2023 provide general rights to privacy, there is little incorporation of local religious and cultural frameworks in AI regulation. This article discusses how fundamental Islamic ethical principles, derived from maqāṣid al-sharīʿah, i.e., protection of honor (ḥifẓ al-ʿird), life (ḥifẓ al-nafs), intellect (ḥifẓ al-ʿaql), and public interest (maṣlaḥah), can be used to enhance Nigeria's AI surveillance law. Using doctrinal legal comparison, the research contrasts and compares classical Islamic sources and Nigerian statutory and constitutional law, the NDPA, and applicable digital identity law. The research demonstrates that while elements of Nigerian law are consistent with Islamic precepts of dignity and well-being, there remain lacunae under which bulk data harvesting, algorithmic profiling, and enforcement deficit erode privacy and autonomy. The paper concludes by recommending concrete measures to incorporate Islamic ethical imperatives in Nigeria's AI policy, including obligatory ethical audits, proportionality, and religion-based public control, in a bid to ensure that AI surveillance is solely for legitimate public interests and not at the cost of human dignity.

Komunikasi Qurani

Sabari Sabari — 2026-10-26

Qur’an 4:34 (Surah al-Nisa) is among the most intensely debated verses in classical and contemporary Islamic discourse, particularly concerning power relations within the family, gender constructions, and the legitimacy of corrective measures toward wives. These debates address not only legal questions but also how the Qur’an communicates with human social realities. This article examines Qur’an 4:34 from the perspective of Qur’anic communication, highlighting the relationship between textual and contextual approaches. The study employs a qualitative, library-based research method, drawing on thematic exegesis, linguistic analysis, and normative communication analysis. The findings indicate that the verse represents divine communication that is pedagogical, gradual, and ethical, in which the text is inseparable from its historical context and the moral objectives of the Qur’an. Accordingly, the tension between textual and contextual interpretations constitutes not a contradiction but an integral part of the Qur’anic communication strategy for guiding social transformation.

Membaca Ulang Ayat Poligami dengan Teori Double Movement

Fadhila Sidiq Permana — 2026-10-26

In Indonesia, the practice of polygamy often becomes a polemic and a cause of marital breakdown. This occurs because polygamy is sometimes carried out secretly without the consent of the first wife. Some groups justify their actions by citing verses about polygamy. However, these verses contain moral messages that must be considered. This article aims to re-examine the interpretation of polygamy verses using the double movement theory proposed by Fazlur Rahman. This step is needed to help people understand the essence of the teachings, because generally, people only focus on the legal aspects or the literal meaning without grasping the substance of the teachings contained in the text. This research uses a literature review method sourced from journal articles and tafsir books. The conclusion of this study shows that polygamy verses must first be understood in their historical context, then the reader must be able to grasp the moral ideals of the Qur'an's message. Once the moral message is understood, the next step in applying it to the present context is to integrate it with the prevailing social system or laws.

Pemikiran Ibnu Tufail dan Ibnu Rusyd tentang Akal dan Wahyu

Salsabila Febri Urianti — 2026-10-26

Developing a paradigm of knowledge harmonization in Islamic higher education requires an account of the relationships among sources of knowledge, rigor in reasoning, and ethical responsibility. This study examines the relationship between reason and revelation in the thought of Ibn Tufayl and Ibn Rushd and its relevance to the knowledge harmonization paradigm of Universitas Islam Negeri K.H. Abdurrahman Wahid Pekalongan. It employs a qualitative library research approach with comparative philosophical analysis. Primary sources include Ḥayy ibn Yaqẓān, Faṣl al-Maqāl, M. Amin Abdullah’s work on integration-interconnection, and the university’s 2025 education guidelines, supported by relevant secondary literature. The analysis reconstructs and compares the two thinkers’ perspectives, then examines their relevance through semipermeable disciplinary boundaries, intersubjective testability, and creative imagination. The findings indicate that Ibn Tufayl portrays knowledge development through sensory experience, reasoning, and spiritual inquiry subsequently brought into dialogue with religious teachings, while Ibn Rushd emphasizes demonstrative reasoning and the conditions of interpretation in explaining the compatibility of reason and revelation. Their relevance to knowledge harmonization lies in openness to sources of knowledge, careful examination of data and arguments, rigor in interpreting religious texts, and ethical responsibility in applying knowledge. However, differences in historical context and views on the capacities of knowledge recipients limit direct equivalence between their ideas and contemporary academic dialogue. This study offers a conceptual synthesis to enrich the knowledge harmonization paradigm, while its application and effectiveness require empirical investigation.

Ijma’ dan Ijtihad Kolektif dalam Fatwa DSN-MUI tentang Kegiatan Usaha Bulion

Sulastri — 2026-10-26

This study examines the roles of ijmāʿ and collective ijtihad in DSN-MUI Fatwa No. 166 of 2026 on Sharia-Compliant Bullion Business Activities, focusing on the scope of its references to consensus and their relationship to its operational provisions. It employs normative legal research based on a literature study, using a conceptual approach and document analysis. Research materials comprise the fatwa, works on Islamic legal theory, and studies on collective ijtihad and Islamic finance fatwas. The analysis identifies the subjects of the reported consensus, compares their scope with the bullion provisions, and examines the relationships among juristic opinions, considerations of public benefit, and the adopted rulings. The findings indicate that the references to consensus concern specific matters: the permissibility of qirāḍ using dinars and dirhams and the disposition of jointly owned property that cannot be physically divided. These references cannot automatically be extended to establish consensus on all bullion business mechanisms. The fatwa’s operational provisions reflect the selection of juristic opinions on disputed issues and the formulation of rulings through institutional deliberation. The study concludes that the bullion fatwa is a product of collective ijtihad that employs reported consensus as an argumentative reference within its specific scope. These findings underscore the importance of distinguishing consensus reported in Islamic jurisprudence from institutional decisions in Islamic finance fatwa-making.