rt that does not meet the authorship criteria, or language editing.

The nature of each contribution must be described clearly. Permission must be obtained from individuals before they are named in the acknowledgment section.

Acknowledgment must not be used as a substitute for authorship when an individual's contribution qualifies them to be listed as an author.

6. Unacceptable Authorship Practices

Syi’ar does not accept authorship practices that misrepresent the actual contributions of individuals. Prohibited practices include:

• Gift, honorary, or guest authorship: Listing an individual who does not meet the authorship criteria, including solely because of academic position, reputation, personal relationships, or financial arrangements.

• Ghost authorship: Omitting an individual who qualifies for authorship or failing to disclose substantial writing contributions that should be transparently reported.

• Unauthorized authorship: Listing an individual as an author without their knowledge and consent.

• False contribution statements: Misrepresenting the roles, responsibilities, or contributions of authors.

• Improper authorship exclusion: Excluding an individual who has made a substantial scholarly contribution and meets the authorship criteria.

Suspected violations will be assessed in accordance with the journal's publication ethics procedures, with reference to relevant COPE guidance. The individuals concerned will be given an appropriate opportunity to provide explanations and supporting evidence.

7. Changes to Authorship

Requests to add or remove an author, change the order of authors, or change the corresponding author after manuscript submission must be submitted to the editor with a clear explanation and written agreement from all affected authors. Requests to add or remove an author must include the written agreement of the individual being added or removed.

An updated author contributions statement must accompany the request where applicable. The editor may suspend the editorial process while the request is being reviewed.

Authorship changes must not be made unilaterally. If the parties cannot reach an agreement, the journal may refer the matter to the relevant institution for further investigation.

Requests for authorship changes after publication will be evaluated based on the explanation, supporting evidence, and agreement of the parties concerned. Approved changes will be documented through an appropriate correction or other editorial action to maintain an accurate publication record.

8. Authorship Disputes

Concerns regarding authorship should be submitted through the journal's official contact channels, accompanied by a clear explanation and relevant supporting evidence.

The journal will seek clarification from the parties concerned and may temporarily suspend manuscript processing while the dispute remains unresolved.

Editors are not responsible for independently investigating or adjudicating competing claims about contributions made within a research team. Where necessary, the journal may request an investigation by the relevant institution or institutions, following applicable COPE guidance.

Editorial decisions will consider the available evidence and relevant institutional findings. If an authorship issue affects a published article, the journal will take appropriate action to maintain the accuracy and integrity of the publication record.

9. Artificial Intelligence and Authorship

In accordance with COPE guidance on artificial intelligence and authorship, AI tools cannot be listed as authors or co-authors because they cannot assume responsibility for the work or fulfil the obligations associated with authorship.

Authors must disclose the use of AI tools in research or manuscript preparation in an appropriate declaration within the manuscript. The disclosure should identify the tool used and explain its purpose and scope. Where AI is used in data processing, analysis, or other research procedures, relevant methodological details must also be reported.

Authors remain fully responsible for the accuracy, originality, proper attribution, and integrity of their manuscripts, including any content generated or modified with AI assistance. Authors must verify AI-generated information, ensure that sources are authentic and correctly cited, protect confidential information, and ensure compliance with research ethics and applicable data protection requirements.

The use of AI does not diminish the authors' responsibility for the scholarly content submitted to or published by Syi’ar.