Determinants of Human Development Index in West Kalimantan
An Empirical Analysis of Regencies and Cities
Abstract
The Human Development Index (HDI) achievement in West Kalimantan Province in 2025 remained the lowest on Kalimantan Island. This condition indicates structural barriers in transforming economic wealth into proportional human capital quality. Meanwhile, studies on the determinants of HDI in West Kalimantan remain relatively limited, particularly those exploring the roles of economic factors, education, and public spending on education and health as policy instruments for fostering human development. This study aims to analyze the determinants of HDI across the regencies and cities of West Kalimantan Province, focusing on economic, fiscal, and educational variables. The study utilizes panel data covering 14 regencies and cities in West Kalimantan over the 2020–2024 period. The research methodology employs both descriptive and inferential analysis, specifically panel data regression. The results indicate that human development in West Kalimantan is more strongly influenced by educational attainment, reflected in the Mean Years of Schooling and economic growth, represented by Gross Regional Domestic Product (GRDP) per capita. Conversely, public spending, specifically on education and healthhas not yet demonstrated optimal effectiveness in boosting HDI, necessitating further evaluation regarding its efficiency and allocation. This study contributes to addressing the scarcity of empirical research on HDI determinants in West Kalimantan by simultaneously examining the roles of economic factors, education, and public spending on education and health at the regency/city level using panel data. The findings imply that local governments must go beyond merely increasing budget allocations for education and health, they need to enhance spending effectiveness and targeting by improving service quality, infrastructure, and the quality of educators and medical personnel to foster more inclusive and sustainable human development.
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