Analisis Kemampuan Spasial Peserta Didik Ditinjau Dari Gender dan Self Efficacy Pada Materi Bangun Ruang Sisi Datar
Keywords:
Spatial Ability, Gender, Self-Efficacy, Solid Geometry, Junior High School
Abstract
This study aims to provide an in-depth analysis of the spatial ability of ninth-grade students at SMP Kasih Yobel Singkawang in the subject of flat-sided solid geometry, examined through the psychological variable of self-efficacy and the demographic variable of gender. Using a descriptive qualitative approach, data were collected through a spatial ability test, a self-efficacy questionnaire, and in-depth interviews with subjects selected via purposive sampling. The results indicate a strong positive correlation between self-efficacy and spatial ability. Students with high self-efficacy demonstrated significantly superior performance, characterized by perseverance and effective problem-solving strategies, compared to students with low self-efficacy who tended to be hesitant, give up easily, and struggled with mental visualization. Significantly, this study also found that female students exhibited superior spatial ability across all measured components—spatial perception, relations, and visualization—compared to male students. These findings affirm that affective factors, such as self-belief, are crucial predictors of cognitive success in geometry and challenge gender stereotypes related to spatial abilities.
References
Bandura, A. (1994). Self-efficacy. In V. S. Ramachaudran (Ed.), Encyclopedia of human behavior (Vol. 4, pp. 71-81). New York: Academic Press.
Bennie, A., & Smit, M. (2005). Spatial skills and their importance in mathematics education. Journal of Mathematics Education, 12(3), 45-56.
Brown, S., Smith, J., & Lee, T. (2005). Motivation and self-efficacy in education. Educational Psychology Review, 17(2), 135-145.
Hackett, G. (1985). Gender differences in mathematics self-efficacy and performance. Journal of Educational Psychology, 77(4), 538-546.
Hackett, G., & Betz, N. E. (1989). An exploration of the mathematics self-efficacy/mathematics performance correspondence. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 36(2), 176-185.
Herman, D., & Andi, S. (2017). Mental rotation strategies in geometry problem solving. [Sumber jurnal/tulisan].
Howard Gardner. (1983). Frames of mind: The theory of multiple intelligences. New York: Basic Books.
Marilah, Y. (2006). Gender differences in mathematics achievement. Jurnal Pendidikan Matematika, 10(1), 25-32.
M. Syahruddin Amin. (2020). Perbedaan kemampuan spasial antara laki-laki dan perempuan. [Sumber jurnal/tulisan].
National Academy of Sciences. (2006). Learning to think spatially: GIS as a support system in the K-12 curriculum. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
NCTM (National Council of Teachers of Mathematics). (2000). Principles and standards for school mathematics. Reston, VA: NCTM.
New Jersey Mathematics Curriculum Framework. (1997). Mathematics standards and guidelines. New Jersey Department of Education.
Pajares, F. (1996). Self-efficacy beliefs in academic settings. Review of Educational Research, 66(4), 543-578.
Shumow, L., & Schmidt, J. A. (2000). Gender differences in self-efficacy during adolescence. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 29(1), 1-21.
Tasni, F. (2012). Perbedaan fungsi belahan otak kanan dan kiri antara laki-laki dan perempuan. Jurnal Psikologi Pendidikan, 8(2), 45-55.
Albert, M. (2005). Spatial Intelligence and Mathematical Learning. New York: Macmillan Press.
Bandura, A. (1994). Self-efficacy. In V. S. Ramachaudran (Ed.), Encyclopedia of human behavior (Vol. 4, pp. 71-81). New York: Academic Press.
Battista, M. T. (1990). Spatial visualization and gender differences in high school geometry. Journal for Research in Mathematics Education, 21(1), 47–60.
Gardner, H. (2013). Frames of Mind: The Theory of Multiple Intelligences (3rd ed.). New York: Basic Books.
Hamley, M. (dalam McGee, M. G.) (1979). Human spatial abilities: Psychometric studies and environmental, genetic, hormonal, and neurological influences. Psychological Bulletin, 86(5), 889–918.
Hackett, G. (1985). Role of mathematics self-efficacy in the choice of math-related majors of college women and men: A path analysis. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 32(1), 47–56.
Hackett, G., & Betz, N. E. (1989). An exploration of the mathematics self-efficacy/mathematics performance correspondence. Journal of Research in Mathematics Education, 20(3), 261–273.
Iswadji, D. (2001). Pembelajaran Geometri di Sekolah Dasar. Jakarta: Depdiknas.
Jamaris, M. (2006). Perkembangan dan Pengembangan Anak Usia Dini. Jakarta: Grasindo.
Killpatrick, J., & Findell, B. (dalam Nurokhmatillah, R.) (2010). Kemampuan Geometri Siswa SMP. Yogyakarta: UNY Press.
Moeharti, M. (2008). Pengantar Geometri dan Aplikasinya. Bandung: Refika Aditama.
Pajares, F. (1996). Self-efficacy beliefs in academic settings. Review of Educational Research, 66(4), 543–578.
Piaget, J. (1971). Biology and Knowledge. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Robbins, S. P. (2007). Perilaku Organisasi (Edisi Bahasa Indonesia). Jakarta: PT Indeks Kelompok Gramedia.
Shumow, L., & Schmidt, J. A. (2000). Academic self-efficacy of adolescents: Gender and ethnic differences. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 29(2), 159–171.
Sinaga, B., & Hadiati, N. (2001). Kemampuan Dasar dalam Menyelesaikan Soal Matematika. Bandung: Jurusan Pendidikan Matematika UPI.
Tambunan, H. (2006). Kemampuan Spasial Siswa SMP Ditinjau dari Gender dan Gaya Belajar. Medan: Universitas Negeri Medan.
Tasni, F. (2012). Perbedaan fungsi otak laki-laki dan perempuan. Jurnal Psikologi Pendidikan, 8(2), 45–55.
Windartie. (2014). Perbedaan Spasial antara Laki-laki dan Perempuan. CNN Indonesia. Diakses dari https://www.cnnindonesia.com/
Yusdi, A. (2010). Pengaruh Latihan terhadap Kemampuan Akademik. Padang: UNP Press.
Alwisol. (2012). Psikologi Kepribadian (Edisi revisi). Malang: UMM Press.
Aprilia, A. (2018). Pengaruh Self Efficacy terhadap Prokrastinasi Akademik pada Mahasiswa. Skripsi. Universitas Islam Negeri Syarif Hidayatullah Jakarta.
Bandura, A. (1997). Self-Efficacy: The Exercise of Control. New York: W.H. Freeman and Company.
Desmita. (2009). Psikologi Perkembangan Peserta Didik. Bandung: Remaja Rosdakarya.
Gusriko, A. (2018). Self-efficacy sebagai prediktor perilaku prestasi. Jurnal Psikologi, 9(1), 1–9.
Haas, C. (2003). Spatial Ability and the Teaching of Geometry. New York: Springer.
Howard, P. (2008). The Role of Self-efficacy in Student Learning. Educational Psychology Review, 10(2), 173–191.
Khoerul, R. (2016). Pengaruh Self Efficacy terhadap Prestasi Belajar Siswa. Skripsi. Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia.
Khirzun, A. (2016). Dimensi-dimensi self efficacy menurut Bandura. Jurnal Psikologi Pendidikan, 5(2), 102–110.
Maier, P. H. (1994). Spatial Geometry and Spatial Ability: How to Make Solid Geometry Solid? Proceedings of the 8th International Congress on Mathematical Education.
Mellisyah, N. (2017). Self Efficacy dan Pengaruhnya terhadap Kinerja Individu. Bandung: Alfabeta.
Pendit, S. (2017). Efikasi diri dan implikasinya dalam pendidikan. Jurnal Ilmiah Psikologi Terapan, 3(1), 55–63.
Rizky, A. (2018). Efikasi Diri dan Strategi Coping Stres pada Remaja. Jurnal Psikologi Insight, 1(2), 44–50.
Santrock, J. W. (2003). Life-Span Development (Perkembangan Masa Hidup). Jakarta: Erlangga.
Suryadi, D. (2006). Pembelajaran Matematika untuk Meningkatkan Kemampuan Spasial Siswa. Bandung: UPI Press.
Syahfitri, L. (2017). Self-efficacy dan pencapaian prestasi belajar. Jurnal Psikologi, 14(1), 34–41.
Yusuf, S., & Nurihsan, J. (2012). Landasan Bimbingan dan Konseling. Bandung: Remaja Rosdakarya.
Bennie, A., & Smit, M. (2005). Spatial skills and their importance in mathematics education. Journal of Mathematics Education, 12(3), 45-56.
Brown, S., Smith, J., & Lee, T. (2005). Motivation and self-efficacy in education. Educational Psychology Review, 17(2), 135-145.
Hackett, G. (1985). Gender differences in mathematics self-efficacy and performance. Journal of Educational Psychology, 77(4), 538-546.
Hackett, G., & Betz, N. E. (1989). An exploration of the mathematics self-efficacy/mathematics performance correspondence. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 36(2), 176-185.
Herman, D., & Andi, S. (2017). Mental rotation strategies in geometry problem solving. [Sumber jurnal/tulisan].
Howard Gardner. (1983). Frames of mind: The theory of multiple intelligences. New York: Basic Books.
Marilah, Y. (2006). Gender differences in mathematics achievement. Jurnal Pendidikan Matematika, 10(1), 25-32.
M. Syahruddin Amin. (2020). Perbedaan kemampuan spasial antara laki-laki dan perempuan. [Sumber jurnal/tulisan].
National Academy of Sciences. (2006). Learning to think spatially: GIS as a support system in the K-12 curriculum. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
NCTM (National Council of Teachers of Mathematics). (2000). Principles and standards for school mathematics. Reston, VA: NCTM.
New Jersey Mathematics Curriculum Framework. (1997). Mathematics standards and guidelines. New Jersey Department of Education.
Pajares, F. (1996). Self-efficacy beliefs in academic settings. Review of Educational Research, 66(4), 543-578.
Shumow, L., & Schmidt, J. A. (2000). Gender differences in self-efficacy during adolescence. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 29(1), 1-21.
Tasni, F. (2012). Perbedaan fungsi belahan otak kanan dan kiri antara laki-laki dan perempuan. Jurnal Psikologi Pendidikan, 8(2), 45-55.
Albert, M. (2005). Spatial Intelligence and Mathematical Learning. New York: Macmillan Press.
Bandura, A. (1994). Self-efficacy. In V. S. Ramachaudran (Ed.), Encyclopedia of human behavior (Vol. 4, pp. 71-81). New York: Academic Press.
Battista, M. T. (1990). Spatial visualization and gender differences in high school geometry. Journal for Research in Mathematics Education, 21(1), 47–60.
Gardner, H. (2013). Frames of Mind: The Theory of Multiple Intelligences (3rd ed.). New York: Basic Books.
Hamley, M. (dalam McGee, M. G.) (1979). Human spatial abilities: Psychometric studies and environmental, genetic, hormonal, and neurological influences. Psychological Bulletin, 86(5), 889–918.
Hackett, G. (1985). Role of mathematics self-efficacy in the choice of math-related majors of college women and men: A path analysis. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 32(1), 47–56.
Hackett, G., & Betz, N. E. (1989). An exploration of the mathematics self-efficacy/mathematics performance correspondence. Journal of Research in Mathematics Education, 20(3), 261–273.
Iswadji, D. (2001). Pembelajaran Geometri di Sekolah Dasar. Jakarta: Depdiknas.
Jamaris, M. (2006). Perkembangan dan Pengembangan Anak Usia Dini. Jakarta: Grasindo.
Killpatrick, J., & Findell, B. (dalam Nurokhmatillah, R.) (2010). Kemampuan Geometri Siswa SMP. Yogyakarta: UNY Press.
Moeharti, M. (2008). Pengantar Geometri dan Aplikasinya. Bandung: Refika Aditama.
Pajares, F. (1996). Self-efficacy beliefs in academic settings. Review of Educational Research, 66(4), 543–578.
Piaget, J. (1971). Biology and Knowledge. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Robbins, S. P. (2007). Perilaku Organisasi (Edisi Bahasa Indonesia). Jakarta: PT Indeks Kelompok Gramedia.
Shumow, L., & Schmidt, J. A. (2000). Academic self-efficacy of adolescents: Gender and ethnic differences. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 29(2), 159–171.
Sinaga, B., & Hadiati, N. (2001). Kemampuan Dasar dalam Menyelesaikan Soal Matematika. Bandung: Jurusan Pendidikan Matematika UPI.
Tambunan, H. (2006). Kemampuan Spasial Siswa SMP Ditinjau dari Gender dan Gaya Belajar. Medan: Universitas Negeri Medan.
Tasni, F. (2012). Perbedaan fungsi otak laki-laki dan perempuan. Jurnal Psikologi Pendidikan, 8(2), 45–55.
Windartie. (2014). Perbedaan Spasial antara Laki-laki dan Perempuan. CNN Indonesia. Diakses dari https://www.cnnindonesia.com/
Yusdi, A. (2010). Pengaruh Latihan terhadap Kemampuan Akademik. Padang: UNP Press.
Alwisol. (2012). Psikologi Kepribadian (Edisi revisi). Malang: UMM Press.
Aprilia, A. (2018). Pengaruh Self Efficacy terhadap Prokrastinasi Akademik pada Mahasiswa. Skripsi. Universitas Islam Negeri Syarif Hidayatullah Jakarta.
Bandura, A. (1997). Self-Efficacy: The Exercise of Control. New York: W.H. Freeman and Company.
Desmita. (2009). Psikologi Perkembangan Peserta Didik. Bandung: Remaja Rosdakarya.
Gusriko, A. (2018). Self-efficacy sebagai prediktor perilaku prestasi. Jurnal Psikologi, 9(1), 1–9.
Haas, C. (2003). Spatial Ability and the Teaching of Geometry. New York: Springer.
Howard, P. (2008). The Role of Self-efficacy in Student Learning. Educational Psychology Review, 10(2), 173–191.
Khoerul, R. (2016). Pengaruh Self Efficacy terhadap Prestasi Belajar Siswa. Skripsi. Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia.
Khirzun, A. (2016). Dimensi-dimensi self efficacy menurut Bandura. Jurnal Psikologi Pendidikan, 5(2), 102–110.
Maier, P. H. (1994). Spatial Geometry and Spatial Ability: How to Make Solid Geometry Solid? Proceedings of the 8th International Congress on Mathematical Education.
Mellisyah, N. (2017). Self Efficacy dan Pengaruhnya terhadap Kinerja Individu. Bandung: Alfabeta.
Pendit, S. (2017). Efikasi diri dan implikasinya dalam pendidikan. Jurnal Ilmiah Psikologi Terapan, 3(1), 55–63.
Rizky, A. (2018). Efikasi Diri dan Strategi Coping Stres pada Remaja. Jurnal Psikologi Insight, 1(2), 44–50.
Santrock, J. W. (2003). Life-Span Development (Perkembangan Masa Hidup). Jakarta: Erlangga.
Suryadi, D. (2006). Pembelajaran Matematika untuk Meningkatkan Kemampuan Spasial Siswa. Bandung: UPI Press.
Syahfitri, L. (2017). Self-efficacy dan pencapaian prestasi belajar. Jurnal Psikologi, 14(1), 34–41.
Yusuf, S., & Nurihsan, J. (2012). Landasan Bimbingan dan Konseling. Bandung: Remaja Rosdakarya.
Published
2026-03-03
Section
Articles
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