SAJGIBE is dedicated to preserving the accuracy, trustworthiness, and historical traceability of its published scholarly literature. When factual errors or integrity concerns arise regarding published content, the journal may issue a formal Correction, an Expression of Concern, or a Retraction, strictly following the frameworks set forth by the Committee on Publication Ethics (COPE).

These measures are implemented solely to correct the scholarly record and ensure transparency for readers and industry practitioners. Editorial actions such as corrections or retractions do not inherently imply intentional scientific misconduct, as honest mistakes, inadvertent oversights, or technical errors may also necessitate formal publication updates.

1. Reporting Errors or Concerns

Authors who detect a material error or inaccuracy in their published article are obligated to inform the Editor-in-Chief immediately. Similarly, readers, peer reviewers, academic institutions, and industry stakeholders are encouraged to report potential issues via SAJGIBE’s official contact channels. Reports must include the article's title, DOI, a comprehensive description of the concern, and verifiable supporting documentation.

The editorial team will thoroughly evaluate the validity, strength of evidence, and potential impact of the issue on the article's ethical analysis, empirical findings, corporate data, or overall conclusions. Allegations involving research or publication ethics will be investigated in accordance with the journal’s Policy on Handling Allegations of Misconduct.

2. Corrections (Corrigenda and Errata)

A formal Correction notice will be issued if an error affects factual accuracy, theoretical/regulatory citations, dataset presentation, or proper attribution without compromising the article's core arguments and overall reliability. Such issues may involve inaccuracies in corporate disclosures, empirical business data, statistical figures, tables, quotations, author metadata, contribution disclosures, funding details, or conflict of interest statements.

The Correction notice will explicitly describe the original error, detail the necessary amendment, and be bi-directionally linked to the original article. If an updated article file is uploaded, all substantive changes will be clearly recorded to maintain full version history. Minor typographical, spelling, or layout fixes that do not alter academic meaning may be updated administratively without issuing a separate correction notice.

3. Expressions of Concern

SAJGIBE may publish an Expression of Concern when significant doubts arise regarding the integrity or reliability of an article, but available evidence remains inconclusive, an institutional investigation is ongoing, or a final resolution requires an extended timeframe.

The notice will objectively outline the nature of the inquiry and be linked directly to the article. An Expression of Concern does not constitute a formal finding of misconduct. Once a comprehensive assessment is concluded, the journal will publish a follow-up notice detailing the final outcome—which may result in a Correction, a Retraction, or a formal statement confirming that the concern has been resolved.

4. Retractions

A Retraction will be enacted when compelling evidence demonstrates that an article's findings or analytical models are fundamentally unreliable or compromised beyond the scope of a correction. Valid grounds for retraction include severe errors in empirical business data or quantitative/qualitative methodology, data fabrication, falsification, plagiarism, redundant/duplicate publication, unethical research practices involving human participants or corporate data, or peer-review manipulation (including attempts to compromise the double-blind review system).

An undisclosed conflict of interest (e.g., unreported corporate funding or direct commercial gain) may also warrant a retraction if it significantly influenced the article's interpretation or the editorial decision. Internal authorship disputes alone do not automatically justify a retraction if the underlying scholarly content remains sound and attribution can be rectified through a formal correction.

Retraction decisions rest on objective evidence and editorial evaluation, incorporating author explanations and institutional findings where available. While affected authors will be given an opportunity to respond, their formal consent is not required once sufficient grounds for retraction have been established.

5. Retraction Notices and Article Status

A Retraction notice will clearly identify the article, state the entity taking the retraction action, and detail the factual reasons behind the decision. The notice will be made freely accessible, permanently linked to the affected article, and assigned a dedicated DOI.

Retracted articles will not be removed from the journal system; they will remain publicly accessible as part of the permanent scholarly record, with their retracted status prominently marked on both the web page and the PDF file. Relevant indexing services and metadata registries will be notified accordingly. Articles will never be deleted merely to conceal errors or erase publication history.

6. Content Removal in Exceptional Circumstances

Partial or complete removal of a published article will be contemplated only under extraordinary legal or ethical circumstances. These include cases where retaining the content poses severe threats to personal privacy, corporate confidentiality, or legal safety, constitutes a major violation of legal rights unresolvable via correction, or breaches court orders or statutory obligations.

In the rare event of content removal, the bibliographic metadata and an official notice explaining the removal will be retained on the journal website, subject to applicable legal constraints.

7. Decision-Making and Appeals Process

Editors handling correction or retraction proceedings must be free from any relevant conflicts of interest. When required, SAJGIBE may consult independent legal, ethics, or subject-matter experts or coordinate with authors' host institutions and corporate bodies. The publisher fully supports editorial independence and the implementation of necessary record updates.

Authors wishing to appeal an editorial decision must submit a formal appeal through official contact channels, accompanied by a detailed justification and new supporting evidence. Appeals will be reviewed independently by an editor or board member who was not involved in the initial decision and possesses no conflict of interest. Submitting an appeal does not automatically delay actions required to notify readers of serious integrity concerns.